No Result
View All Result
Saturday, February 16, 2019
  • Home
  • GENERAL
    • All
    • Case Study
    • How to
    museum fixative and preservation

    How to preserve museum specimens (Museum mounting techniques)

    APPLYING QUALITY CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGY

    APPLYING QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MICROBIOLOGY

    Stool analysis MLTGEEKS

    comprehensive stool analysis (Macroscopic,Microscopic and Concentration techniques)

    Urine container MLTGEEKS

    How to collect urine sample from male,female,Infants and children

    Case Study #3

    NORMAL RANGE MLTGEEKS

    Normal range ,Critical and Reference values in Medical Laboratory

    Distilled-water-in-the-lab

    Distilled water Preparation and uses in a Medical Laboratory

    A2-1

    Parasitology Case study #2

    Parasitology Case study #1

  • BIOLOGY
    • All
    • BACTERIOLOGY
    • Biochemical tests
    • Culture Media
    • Medical Parasitology
    • MICROBIOLOGY
    • Molecular Biology
    • MYCOLOGY
    • Staining Techniques
    • VIROLOGY
    Loa Loa Filariasis (Loiasis) Laboratory diagnosis and treatment

    Loa Loa Filariasis Laboratory diagnosis and treatment

    Hugh Leifson Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

    Hugh Leifson Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

    Proteus and Providencia Species : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

    Proteus and Providencia Species : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

    Overview of Bacteria identification test procedures and Interpretations

    Overview of Bacteria identification test procedures and Interpretations

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

    Brugia malayi Laboratory Diagnosis

    Brugia malayi Laboratory diagnosis and Treatment

    Chlamydia trachomatis Laboratory Diagnosis

    Chlamydia trachomatis Laboratory Diagnosis

    Acanthamoeba infection laboratory diagnosis

    Acanthamoeba infection laboratory diagnosis

    Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

    Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

    Trending Tags

    • BIOCHEMISTRY
      Minerals : Their Functions,Sources and Deficiency

      Minerals Functions,Sources and Deficiency

      ELECTROLYTES AND BLOOD GASES ANALYSIS

      Blood gases and electrolytes analysis

      kidney function test MLTGEEKS

      How to carryout kidney Function Tests: Purpose, Types, and Procedure

      Liver function test parameters MLTGEEKS

      LIVER FUNCTION TESTS PARAMETERS

      Types of jaundice

      Types of Jaundice and their causes

      SSA Protein MLTGEEKS

      3% Sulfosalicylic Acid Test for the Detection of Proteinuria

      Insulin hormone MLTGEEKS

      How Hormones Regulates blood glucose level

      clinical endocrine MLTGEEKS

      Clinical significance of some hormones and their Functions

      Aspartate-Transaminase-ASTAspartate-Transaminase-AST

      Purpose Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Test

    • HEMATOLOGY
      WBC (White Blood Cell) Count: Purpose, Procedure, and Results

      WBC (White Blood Cell) Count: Principle, Procedure, and Calculation

      lood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test MLTGEEKS

      Blood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test (Beth-Vincent and Simonin blood group test)

      How to perform Direct and Indirect coombs test mltgeeks

      How to perform Direct and Indirect coombs test

      R.B.C. Diluting Fluid (Hayem's) MLTGEEKS

      R.B.C. Diluting Fluid (Hayem’s) Principle,Procedures and Calculation

      Types of Anemia MLTGEEKS

      Types and causes of Anemia

      Hemoglobin estimation MLTGEEKS

      Various methods used for hemoglobin measurement in the laboratory

      How to stain peripheral blood and interpret blood film mltgeeks

      How to stain peripheral blood and interpret blood film (Giemsa stain)

      HCT PCV TEST

      Measurement and clinical significance of hematocrit or packed cell volume

      Crossmatch MLTGEEKS

      Blood Transfusion Cross match test (Saline and Indirect Coomb Techniques)

    • HISTOPATHOLOGY
      museum fixative and preservation

      How to preserve museum specimens (Museum mounting techniques)

      Papanicolaou stain : Principle ,Procedure and Result Interpretation

      Papanicolaou stains : Principle ,Procedure and Interpretation

      How decalcify Tissue for Histological Processing mltgeeks

      How to decalcify Tissue for Histological Processing

      Hematoxylin and eosin stain mltgeeks

      Properties and Principles of Hematoxylin & Eosin staining technique

      FIXATIVES HISTOPATHOLOGYMLTGEEKS

      Microanatomical,Cytological and Histochemical fixatives

      Fixatives MLTGEEKS

      Types and Choice of fixatives used in Histopathology

      Fixation in Histopathology MLTGEEKS

      Fixation and properties of an ideal fixatives in Histopathology

      Introduction to Histopathology MLTGEEKS

      Introduction to Histopathology

    • IMMUNOLOGY
      Types of agglutination reactions and Prozone phenomenon MLTGEEKS

      Types of agglutination reactions and Prozone phenomenon

      Immunoglobulin MLTGEEKS

      Immunoglobulins (Properties,Structure and Functions)

      Widal test MLTGEEKS

      Widal Slide and tube test principle and result interpretation

      Cryptococcus antigen test MLTGEEKS

      Latex cryptococcus antigen test (CrAg) principle and result interpretation

      VDRL-Test

      VDRL Flocculation test for the detection of non-treponemal antibodies

      CRP TEST KIT MLTGEEKS

      CRP Latex Test Princple and Interpretation(Qualitative and Quantitative)

      Counter current immunoeletropheresis Principle mltgeeks

      Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Technique Principle and Interpretation

      Rheumatoid Arthritis test kit MLTGEEKS

      Rheumatoid arthritis test to detect the presence of Rheumatoid Factors

      RPR TEST MLTGEEKS

      Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test for diagonsis of syphilis

    Questions
    • Home
    • GENERAL
      • All
      • Case Study
      • How to
      museum fixative and preservation

      How to preserve museum specimens (Museum mounting techniques)

      APPLYING QUALITY CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGY

      APPLYING QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MICROBIOLOGY

      Stool analysis MLTGEEKS

      comprehensive stool analysis (Macroscopic,Microscopic and Concentration techniques)

      Urine container MLTGEEKS

      How to collect urine sample from male,female,Infants and children

      Case Study #3

      NORMAL RANGE MLTGEEKS

      Normal range ,Critical and Reference values in Medical Laboratory

      Distilled-water-in-the-lab

      Distilled water Preparation and uses in a Medical Laboratory

      A2-1

      Parasitology Case study #2

      Parasitology Case study #1

    • BIOLOGY
      • All
      • BACTERIOLOGY
      • Biochemical tests
      • Culture Media
      • Medical Parasitology
      • MICROBIOLOGY
      • Molecular Biology
      • MYCOLOGY
      • Staining Techniques
      • VIROLOGY
      Loa Loa Filariasis (Loiasis) Laboratory diagnosis and treatment

      Loa Loa Filariasis Laboratory diagnosis and treatment

      Hugh Leifson Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

      Hugh Leifson Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

      Proteus and Providencia Species : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

      Proteus and Providencia Species : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

      Overview of Bacteria identification test procedures and Interpretations

      Overview of Bacteria identification test procedures and Interpretations

      Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

      Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Morphology,Diagnosis and Cultural characteristics

      Brugia malayi Laboratory Diagnosis

      Brugia malayi Laboratory diagnosis and Treatment

      Chlamydia trachomatis Laboratory Diagnosis

      Chlamydia trachomatis Laboratory Diagnosis

      Acanthamoeba infection laboratory diagnosis

      Acanthamoeba infection laboratory diagnosis

      Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

      Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium : Principle, Preparation and Colony Morphology

      Trending Tags

      • BIOCHEMISTRY
        Minerals : Their Functions,Sources and Deficiency

        Minerals Functions,Sources and Deficiency

        ELECTROLYTES AND BLOOD GASES ANALYSIS

        Blood gases and electrolytes analysis

        kidney function test MLTGEEKS

        How to carryout kidney Function Tests: Purpose, Types, and Procedure

        Liver function test parameters MLTGEEKS

        LIVER FUNCTION TESTS PARAMETERS

        Types of jaundice

        Types of Jaundice and their causes

        SSA Protein MLTGEEKS

        3% Sulfosalicylic Acid Test for the Detection of Proteinuria

        Insulin hormone MLTGEEKS

        How Hormones Regulates blood glucose level

        clinical endocrine MLTGEEKS

        Clinical significance of some hormones and their Functions

        Aspartate-Transaminase-ASTAspartate-Transaminase-AST

        Purpose Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Test

      • HEMATOLOGY
        WBC (White Blood Cell) Count: Purpose, Procedure, and Results

        WBC (White Blood Cell) Count: Principle, Procedure, and Calculation

        lood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test MLTGEEKS

        Blood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test (Beth-Vincent and Simonin blood group test)

        How to perform Direct and Indirect coombs test mltgeeks

        How to perform Direct and Indirect coombs test

        R.B.C. Diluting Fluid (Hayem's) MLTGEEKS

        R.B.C. Diluting Fluid (Hayem’s) Principle,Procedures and Calculation

        Types of Anemia MLTGEEKS

        Types and causes of Anemia

        Hemoglobin estimation MLTGEEKS

        Various methods used for hemoglobin measurement in the laboratory

        How to stain peripheral blood and interpret blood film mltgeeks

        How to stain peripheral blood and interpret blood film (Giemsa stain)

        HCT PCV TEST

        Measurement and clinical significance of hematocrit or packed cell volume

        Crossmatch MLTGEEKS

        Blood Transfusion Cross match test (Saline and Indirect Coomb Techniques)

      • HISTOPATHOLOGY
        museum fixative and preservation

        How to preserve museum specimens (Museum mounting techniques)

        Papanicolaou stain : Principle ,Procedure and Result Interpretation

        Papanicolaou stains : Principle ,Procedure and Interpretation

        How decalcify Tissue for Histological Processing mltgeeks

        How to decalcify Tissue for Histological Processing

        Hematoxylin and eosin stain mltgeeks

        Properties and Principles of Hematoxylin & Eosin staining technique

        FIXATIVES HISTOPATHOLOGYMLTGEEKS

        Microanatomical,Cytological and Histochemical fixatives

        Fixatives MLTGEEKS

        Types and Choice of fixatives used in Histopathology

        Fixation in Histopathology MLTGEEKS

        Fixation and properties of an ideal fixatives in Histopathology

        Introduction to Histopathology MLTGEEKS

        Introduction to Histopathology

      • IMMUNOLOGY
        Types of agglutination reactions and Prozone phenomenon MLTGEEKS

        Types of agglutination reactions and Prozone phenomenon

        Immunoglobulin MLTGEEKS

        Immunoglobulins (Properties,Structure and Functions)

        Widal test MLTGEEKS

        Widal Slide and tube test principle and result interpretation

        Cryptococcus antigen test MLTGEEKS

        Latex cryptococcus antigen test (CrAg) principle and result interpretation

        VDRL-Test

        VDRL Flocculation test for the detection of non-treponemal antibodies

        CRP TEST KIT MLTGEEKS

        CRP Latex Test Princple and Interpretation(Qualitative and Quantitative)

        Counter current immunoeletropheresis Principle mltgeeks

        Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Technique Principle and Interpretation

        Rheumatoid Arthritis test kit MLTGEEKS

        Rheumatoid arthritis test to detect the presence of Rheumatoid Factors

        RPR TEST MLTGEEKS

        Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test for diagonsis of syphilis

      No Result
      View All Result
      No Result
      View All Result
      Home IMMUNOSEROLOGY

      Types of agglutination reactions and Prozone phenomenon

      Arthur Westmann by Arthur Westmann
      November 16, 2018
      in IMMUNOSEROLOGY
      2 0
      0
      6
      SHARES
      216
      VIEWS
      Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on Google

      Agglutination is one of the antigen and specific antibody reactions that occur when the two are mixed in vitro in the laboratory in the presence of electrolytes at a suitable temperature and pH. Agglutination is from the Latin word ” agglutinare,” meaning ” to glue,” also clumping of particles.Clumping of cells such as bacteria( Widal test) or red blood cells( blood grouping) in the presence of specific antibodies are examples of agglutination in biology. The antibody binds and joins multiple antigen particles, creating a large, complex lattice that we can see with a naked eye.

      The agglutination reaction used to diagnose diseases in the laboratory either uses particulate or soluble antigens.For example, Salmonella typhi bacteria are used to detect specific antibodies in serum in patients with typhoid fever( Widal test).The latex agglutination and other particle agglutination tests are examples of agglutination reactions.Soluble antigens are first produced by coating them on inert particles such as red cells, latex particles, gelatin particles and microbeads.These particles support or carry soluble antigens to make the naked eye visible.

      Agglutination tests are sensitive, do not require sophisticated equipment, are easy to perform, do not require washing procedures and are cost- effective.The lattice network formed during the agglutination reaction can be visualized macroscopically or microscopically depending on  the manufacturer’s instructions.

      What is Agglutination

      Large antigens carrying many epitopes, easily sedimented particles such as animal cells, erythrocytes or bacteria when mixed with specific antibodies lead to a cross- linking of the particles at appropriate temperature and ionic strength, forming a lattice- like structure seen as clumps with a naked eye.This sensitive and specific reaction is referred to as agglutination.

      Agglutination is a serological reaction such as precipitation; the only difference is that antigen is large and particulate when agglutinated.Blood group testing is the most common example of agglutination.Agglutination clumps together in cells with antigen( epitopes)/antigen bearing microorganisms or particles in the presence of specific antibodies called agglutinins.We can imagine a lock and key concept to understand the characteristics of the agglutination response.

      What is the Principle of Agglutination

      An antibody is a molecule with a ” Y” shape.The two ” Y” arms are the Fab portion, which has the combination site and consists of the hypervariable regions of the heavy and light chains.The antigenic determinant nestles in a clamp formed by the combination site of the antibody as shown below.The antigenic determinant is therefore the ” key” that fits the cleft formed by the lock ” Fab”.If the fit is right, agglutination occurs.This concept applies to all reactions with antigen( Ag) antibody( Ab).The agglutination process involves two steps.Sensitization is the first step and lattice formation is the second one.

      What is Sensitization

      It is an antigens attachment of specific antibodies. The reaction is influenced by pH, temperature and incubation time. IgM antibodies at 4 to 22 degrees C react best, and IgG antibodies at 37 degrees C react best. Incubation time can be 15 to 60 minutes.

      Sensitization agglutination
      Sensitization agglutination

      What is Lattice formation

      Like a ” Jaal,” Lattice consists of a cross link between sensitized particles. It takes longer than sensitization and we can see the result with naked eyes. IgM best in this type of reaction because of its large size, but IgG antibodies may need to be improved.

      Lattice formation
      Lattice formation

      How to enhance agglutination reaction

      Agglutination reactions can be enhance by :

      1. Centrifugation( Bridges distance)
      2. enzyme treatment( Reduces Zeta Potential)
      3. colloids( Albumin reduces zeta potential) and anti- human globulin use.
      4. Electrokinetic potential is referred to as Zeta potential in colloidal systems.In fact, it is the degree of repulsion in a solution between adjacent, similarly charged particles.A high zeta potential confers so that agglutination can be resisted.Zeta reduction will favor agglutination.
      Also read  VDRL Flocculation test for the detection of non-treponemal antibodies

      How to grade agglutination reaction

      Grading is either macroscopic or microscopic. Follow the criteria set out in the commercial kit package insert. The following is an example of blood grouping used in the blood banks.

      Macroscopic grading

      Blood grouping for example:

      4+ One solid aggregate or clump of cells.
      3+ Several large aggregates, clear background.
      2+Small to medium sized aggregates, clear background.
      1+ Small aggregate, turbid reddish background.
      +W Tiny aggregates, turbid reddish background.
      MF Mixed Field Any degree of agglutination in a sea of un-agglutinated cells.
      HemolysisHemolysis is interpreted as a positive reaction and may be graded as complete or partial. Both hemolysis and agglutination may be recorded on the same tube.
      Ø Negative no agglutination, smooth reddish background.

      Microscopic grading

      + Positive aggregates of at least 3-5 cells
      Ø Negativeno agglutination.

      What are the Methods of agglutination reaction

      The agglutination test can be performed with three different techniques. This includes: rapid agglutination tests; slow agglutination tests in tubes; slow agglutination tests in microtitration plates.

      The rapid agglutination tests

      This method involves mixing undiluted patient / client serum and antigen on a glass slide or plate, rotation or agitation of the plate in accordance with the instructions in the literature of the kit, and macroscopic examination, usually after 2 minutes for agglutination.In general, the antigen and serum are mixed in a fixed proportion.The agglutination intensity indicates the concentration of the antibodies in the serum.Sometimes the sera has to be heated to confirm strong agglutination reactions( 56 C for 30 minutes) to destroy non- specific agglutinins or repeat the test with various serum dilutions.

      Slow agglutination in tubes/tube agglutination

      This involves serum dilution and mixing with a fixed amount of unstained antigen.The tubes are kept at temperature and for a while( usually overnight) as indicated in the manufacture kit.The positive results are shown by the presence of a precipitate in the bottom of the tube and by the clearing of the supernatant( compared to antigen without a serum).

      Micro-agglutination

      This test is carried out using small amounts of antigen and patient serum in a microtitration plate.A large number of samples / different dilutions can be tested on a single plate at a time.The positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a ragged blanket of colored antigen that covers the base of the U- shaped microtiter well.The negative result appears as an unreacted antigen button in the well.

      Note that : “Qualitative agglutination tests” which is an agglutination test used to detect the presence of an antigen or an antibody.The antibody is mixed with the particulate antigen and the agglutination of the particulate antigen indicates a positive test.For example Red blood cells of a patient mixed with a blood group antigen antibody to determine the blood types of a person.

      Also read  Rheumatoid arthritis test to detect the presence of Rheumatoid Factors

      ” Quantitative agglutination test” that is  agglutination tests used to quantify particulate antigens in the level of antibodies.Serial dilutions of an antibody- tested sample are mixed with a fixed number of red blood cells or bacteria or other particulate antigens, and the last / highest dilution with agglutination is the amount of antibody in the sample and is expressed as the titer.The results are reported as a reciprocation of the maximum dilution which gives visible agglutination.

      What is Prozone and postzone effect

      False negative antibody reactions, whether agglutinated or precipitated, can occur if antigen and antibody are not mixed in the correct proportions. This can happen if the antibody is either in excess( prozone) or if the antigen is in excess( post zone).

      Prozone effect (prozone antibody)

      Some sera show no agglutination when tested undiluted.The same sera shows a positive agglutination / precipitation reaction when tested after dilution.This phenomenon is referred to as the ” Prozone phenomenon” or hook effect in which agglutination or precipitation occurs at higher serum dilution ranges, but is not visible at lower dilutions or when not.Excessive antibody levels lead to false negative reactions as excess antibodies lead to the formation of very small complexes that do not clump to visible agglutination.The reaction of the prozone is the likely cause of false negative results.The reaction of the prozone may also result from the presence of blocking antibody or serum inhibitors.If different antigens are near each other, the antibodies corresponding to each antigen can block binding and compete with each other.

      Postzone effect

      This refers to the reaction in which excess antigens do not form a lattice and cause a false negative agglutination. Antigen excess is also the probable cause of the false- negative agglutination / precipitation reaction of antigen- antibodies.

      What are some applications of agglutination reaction

      Agglutination tests help you find antigens or antibodies in a sample.The sample can be any body fluids such as urine, blood, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid( CSF), in which either antigen or antibody is detected, the sample can also be a bacterial culture that we want to type to determine whether it is pathogenic.The first step is to have the sample collected.Blood is collected by venipuncture following standard working precautions; the clinician collects CSF by lumbar puncture and the patient collects urine using the clean catch method.

      Applications of agglutination in clinical diagnosis include:

      1. To identify and type bacterial cultures (Widal test)
      2. Typing blood cells of the recipient and donor for blood transfusion (Blood grouping)
      3. To detect the presence of specific antibody and quantitate the amount of antibody in patient’s serum ‘(Widal test)
      4. Haemagglutination
      5. Latex agglutination  (Crag test) cryptococcal antigen

      What is Haemagglutination

      As the name suggests, this is agglutination of RBCs by RBC antigen- specific antibodies( e.g. ABO blood grouping or agglutination of RBCs coated with some antigen to detect specific antibodies in the serum of the patient( e.g. Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination).

      Also read  Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test for diagonsis of syphilis

      Materials and reagent required for Haemagglutination

      • Adjustable multi-channel micropipette (50-300 µl)
      • Adjustable single-channel micropipette (50-200µl)
      • Adjustable single-channel micropipette (5-50µl)
      • Disposable tips
      • Reagent troughs
      • Waste discarders
      • Micro plates (U bottom)
      • Sample diluents
      • Control cells (uncoated)
      • Test cells (sensitized with T.pallidum antigen)
      • Kit controls

      Haemagglutination procedure

      1. About 30 minutes before the start of the test procedure; bring kit components to room temp. 15- 30 degrees C). Gently mix the liquid reagents. Determine the total number of test specimens and the number of plates needed for the test.
      2. Place a unique plate identifier on the upper middle side of the plate, if necessary
      3. Label the plate with the last three digits of the donation I d at the bottom left of the well to identify the positions. Include one negative and one positive control per sample batch
      4. Arrange the samples in a sampling rack according to the plate map.
      5. Use the first extra well by number of specimens and add 190 μl of diluent sample.
      6. Use a fresh pipette tip for each addition, take 10 μl of specimen and mix it in the extra well / plate with 190 μl sample diluent in the same position.
      7. Transfer 25 ml of the diluted sample to both test and control wells
      8. After sampling, place the sample in the same / different sample rack.
      9. Add 25μl positive and negative controls to their respective positions.
      10. Mix the control and test cell well to make the suspension homogeneous and add 1 drop( 75μl) of test cells and control cells to their respective wells, including positive and negative control cells.
      11. Mix the contents of the well by slowly rotating the plate. Maintain the plate on a smooth, stable surface. Incubate for 1 hour at room temperature and read the results.

      Interpretation of Hemagglutination test result

      1. All control wells need to form compact buttons.If any control does not show button formation, repeat the test to rule out any technical errors.( The agglutination of the control cells and the test cells indicates the presence of anti- cell antibodies and in this case the test is not valid & should be repeated after the initial absorption of the test serum.To do this, dilute the test serum 1/4 with control cells and allow it to stand at room temperature.After the sample is centrifuged( 1000 rpm/5 min).Dilute 1/5 of the supernatant diluent.Test this dilution directly with test & control cell suspensions without further dilution).
      2. If a compact button is present in a test well, the result is considered non- reactive
      3. If there is a ring pattern or net characteristics of the cells in the control well and there is a compact button formation, the specimen is considered reactive for T. Pallidum Pallidum.
      4. All positive tests should be repeated by TPHA.
      5. If any sample is positive by repeat test also, identify the sample and separate out the sample then retest with RPR.
      Download This Article in PDF
      Download WordPress Themes
      Download WordPress Themes
      Download Premium WordPress Themes Free
      Download WordPress Themes Free
      online free course

      Tags: hemagglutinationlatex agglutinationslow agglutination
      Share2Tweet2Share1
      Previous Post

      Blood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test (Beth-Vincent and Simonin blood group test)

      Next Post

      Laboratory Diagnostic of Naegleria fowleri and Treatment

      Next Post
      Laboratory diagnostic of naegleria fowleri

      Laboratory Diagnostic of Naegleria fowleri and Treatment

      Laboratory Diagnostic of Trichomonas vaginalis infections

      Laboratory Diagnostic of Trichomonas vaginalis infection

      LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

      Laboratory Diagnostic of Leishmania donavani complex

      Recommended Articles

      • How to Interprete Hemolysis in Bacteriology (Alpah,Beta and Gamma Hemolysis)
        How to Interprete Hemolysis in Bacteriology (Alpah,Beta and Gamma Hemolysis)
      • ABO and Rhesus Blood Grouping principles and Result interpretation
        ABO and Rhesus Blood Grouping principles and Result interpretation
      • Clinical Significance of Various Crystals Found In  Urine
        Clinical Significance of Various Crystals Found In Urine
      • Stool examination (Wet mount vs Lugol iodine staining) Method
        Stool examination (Wet mount vs Lugol iodine staining) Method
      • Bismuth Sulphite Agar ideal for the isolation or Salmonella species
        Bismuth Sulphite Agar ideal for the isolation or Salmonella species
      • How to carryout kidney Function Tests: Purpose, Types, and Procedure
        How to carryout kidney Function Tests: Purpose, Types, and Procedure
      • Blood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test (Beth-Vincent and Simonin blood group test)
        Blood Types,Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Test (Beth-Vincent and Simonin blood group test)
      • MacConkey Agar Principles, Composition, Preparation, colony characteristics
        MacConkey Agar Principles, Composition, Preparation, colony characteristics
      • Field Stain principle,composition,procedure and interpretation (test to detect malaria)
        Field Stain principle,composition,procedure and interpretation (test to detect malaria)

      Newsletter

      To stay on top of the ever-changing world of Medical Laboratory Science, subscribe now to our newsletters.

      Join 1,541 other subscribers

      Categories

      • BACTERIOLOGY
      • Biochemical tests
      • BIOLOGY
      • Case Study
      • CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
      • Culture Media
      • GENERAL
      • HEMATOLOGY
      • HISTOPATHOLOGY
      • How to
      • IMMUNOSEROLOGY
      • Medical Parasitology
      • MICROBIOLOGY
      • Molecular Biology
      • MYCOLOGY
      • Staining Techniques
      • Uncategorized
      • VIROLOGY

      Navigation

      • Advertisement
      • Become a Writer
      • Contact Us
      • Privacy & Policy

      Medical Laboratory Geeks

      Medical Laboratory Geeks

      Promoting Medical Laboratory Science

      © 2019 JNews - Premium WordPress news & magazine theme by Jegtheme.

      No Result
      View All Result
      • Home
      • GENERAL
      • BIOLOGY
      • BIOCHEMISTRY
      • HEMATOLOGY
      • HISTOPATHOLOGY
      • IMMUNOLOGY

      © 2019 JNews - Premium WordPress news & magazine theme by Jegtheme.

      Login to your account below

      Forgotten Password? Sign Up

      Fill the forms bellow to register

      All fields are required. Log In

      Retrieve your password

      Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

      Log In